Heat & altitude
Heat acclimation and hypoxic training, with realistic timelines.
Four documents, each carrying a practical protocol: the mechanisms and applications of human heat acclimation, consensus recommendations for training and competing in the heat, a meta-analysis of sea-level performance after altitude adaptation, and work on combining hypoxic methods to peak.
What makes this section useful is that it is specific about time. Heat acclimation follows a known course over roughly one to two weeks and decays when you stop, and the altitude meta-analysis is measured about how much sea-level benefit to actually expect. Leo uses it when your race conditions differ from your training conditions, which is more often than runners plan for. If your goal race is hot and your build is not, that is a gap in the preparation, and it is one of the few that can be closed cheaply in the final fortnight.
Papers in this domain
6 peer-reviewed references. Titles link to the publisher via DOI.
McDonald P. et al. · 2025 · DOI 10.1002/cph4.70017
Yu L et al. · 2024 · DOI 10.3390/nu16234217
Periard, Racinais, Sawka · 2015 · DOI 10.1111/sms.12408
Consensus Recommendations on Training and Competing in the Heat
Racinais et al. · 2015 · DOI 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094915
Combining Hypoxic Methods for Peak Performance
Millet, Roels, Schmitt, Woorons, Richalet · 2010 · DOI 10.2165/11317920-000000000-00000
Sea-Level Exercise Performance Following Adaptation to Hypoxia: A Meta-Analysis
Bonetti, Hopkins · 2009 · DOI 10.2165/00007256-200939020-00002
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